Causes of Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

Causes of Air Pollution Essay There are several main causes of air pollution, the vast majority of them can be attributed to man. Some natural sources of air pollution include forest fires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions. Plants such as ragweed contaminate the air with pollen. Decaying leaves and other forms of vegetation release gases that contribute to air pollution and cause haze. (Morgan) Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, and biological matter that cause harm to humans, other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment. Stratospheric ozone depletion (contributed to air pollution) has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems. The Earth is capable of cleaning itself of a certain level of pollution, but man-made pollutant have become too numerous for the Earth’s natural mechanisms to remove. We are seeing the results of this overload in the form of acid rain, smog, and the variety of health problems that can be contributed to our environment. (Godish) One of the main causes of air pollution is manufacturing. This source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The exhaust from a factory includes, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, as well as volatile organic compounds and particulates. There is not an area of the Earth’s atmosphere or an ecosystem that has not been altered by the long term effects of the pollution created by manufacturing. Strides have been made to filter the material coming from manufacturing plants, but it may take the Earth millennia to completely recover from the damage already done. (universe) A surprisingly link may exist between ocean fertility and air pollution over land, according to Georgia Institute of Technology research reported in the Feb. 16 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. The work provides new insight into the role that ocean fertility plays in the complex cycle involving carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in global warming. (Cain) Finally, the burning of fossil fuels is a part of everyday life of every human on the planet. We burn fossil fuels in our cars, fossil fuel is burned to extract fossil fuel from the Earth, and fossil fuel is used to process fossil fuel into its individual components. Every step of the way releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and particulates into the air. Each step in the process increases the number of asthma cases in the world, raises a person’s chance of having cancer, and increases the chance that your child will be born with congenital defects. (Turco) References Cain, Fraser. (2005). Air Pollution Linked to Growth of Life in Oceans. Retrieved from http://www.universetoday.com/10263/air-pollution-linked-to-gr Godish, Thad. 1997. Air Quality, 3rd ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl. Morgan, M. T. (2003). Environmental Health, (3rd ed.). Belmont: CA: Wadsworth Turco, Richard P. 2001. Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

Sociological Study Of Womens Perception Towards Dowry Essay

Sociological Study Of Womens Perception Towards Dowry Essay Dowry has been an integral aspect of traditional arranged Hindu marriage. Over hundreds of years the dowry term has evolved from the ceremonial and voluntary gift giving to the brides family in a form of monetary extortion demanded by the grooms family. Tradition dowry means denoted gifts of kanyatana such as precious itens like expensive cloths give to both the bide and grooms family during the time of marriage The practice was derived from the high cultural and spiritual merit accorded to gift givers and gift giving in the Vedas and other Hindu literature. Dowry was originally used as a means to both sanctify material wealth and enhance social status in marriage. In modern sense dowry has reflect a change in the system such that the presentation of gifts no longer remains a voluntary process. In Indo pak brides families are often compelled to provide dowry in the name of gift giving and evaluated in terms of total cash value.Grooms family have a high socioeconomic status so they de mand the dowry. The modern practice of dowry is characterized by a shift from voluntary to forced gift giving as well as the primary role of the grooms family in determining the demand for gifts from the brides family. It is understood that the term dowry is a broad reference to the totality of assets transferred from the brides family to the grooms at the time of a marriage. The transfers of dowry is characterize by three steps: which is First the property transfer to the bride, Second, there are those gifts that continue to be part of the ceremonial aspect of the marriage and symbolize union between the two families. These would be matched by reciprocal gifts of equal value from the grooms family. Thirdly there are those assets that can be called marriage payments An economically it is this final aspect that constitutes the actual significant economic cost of dowry for a brides family, and is perhaps the most costly among the three aspects of the dowry The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is riddled by contrasts in almost every sector. It is characterized by a selective male friendly interpretation of the prominent religion Islam and elitist friendly application of laws. Being a part of the patriarchal belt of South Asia, the culture, family and society is patriarchal. Although recent entry of elected women representatives in the parliament and local bodies are being used as an instrument to make believe that women are empowered in Pakistan, the fact is that empowerment ( social, economic, political and legal) for most of the Pakistani women and disadvantaged communities in Pakistan is yet a distant dream. However, a number of efforts are underway to promote participation of women in all areas of development. There is also a growing attention by the current government to gender issues including violence that experienced political marginalization in previous democratic as well as military regimes. The visible outcome of such efforts which to date are limited to candid media, generous discourse and ceremonial gestures has yet to come. The country, today, like most other countries round the globe is facing the phenomenon of gender based violence. In the recent years, whenever and wherever, one speaks of gender violence and Pakistan or Pakistani communities outside Pakistan; one cannot recall any other form of violence but Honor Killing or the plight of Mukhtaran Mai. Media, especially western media have created hype on these. The net result of these associations is the convenient forgetfulness, by the Governments, Media, NGOs and other stake holders of the commonest form of gender violenc e in Pakistani; that is Dowry violence. Dowry violence is a culturally accepted; media generated and legally sanctioned form of violence, yet to be recognized as the most pertinent Pakistani gender issue by development activists in Pakistan. Pakistani Muslims have embraced the dowry system as a tradition and cultural practice due to the Indianization of Islam in the subcontinent. While working with Christian Youth in the slums of Islamabad that there was exposed to the fact that the curse of dowry has plagued this community and class as well and interestingly they owe this influence to their Muslim friends and neighbours.Despite 59 years of independence there is no sign and signal of discarding this system which over the years has graduated from a custom to an institution. Dowry is no longer a set of gift items meant for contributing towards a convenient start of the practical life of a newly married couple. Lavish and loud marriages, designers items studded bride, bridegroom and ot her family members, many course meals etc. all stand for the dowry system .In a country where a vast majority of population lives below poverty line and is devoid of basic human needs like water, sanitation, electricity. Health and education the growing trend of such Exhibiting Marriages is adding to the miseries of the not so privileged and creation of the lesser God. Dowry System causes a number of psychological and emotional traumas and ethical challenges by causing delayed marriages, marriage with inept person/elderly person, threats, taunts and torture of greedy in-laws and husband, and financial crises. In some parts of Pakistan, girls are wed with Quran so that family wealth and property can be safeguarded. It is almost imperative for Pakistani women as sisters to give up their inheritance rights in favor of their brothers. Dowry and expenses on marriage are frequently used explanations for the denial of right of inheritance to women. There are certain tribes and clans in the province of NWFP and Baluchistan where boys have to pay for the bride. If they cannot pay the right Bridal Price they cannot get married. This practice itself qualifies as a separate research entity. On the other hand the Bride who is sold is treated as a property and is entitled to be sold further. An interesting and innovative response to the question of limiting marriage expenses that has come from some welfare oriented Pakistani NGOs and welfare wings of certain Religious groups and public departments in the recent years is the phenomenon of Mass Weddings. There is no doubts in the good faith of the planners and implementers of such weddings It cannot endorse this kind of way out. This solution besides carrying transparency issues (for instance how the eligible couples are selected, what is the actual expense etc.) and compromises on the individual self esteem are in fact endorsing the custom and institution of dowry (Rakhshinda, 2006) Keeping in mind these points the present study will be conducted to investigate the following objectives. To check the role of dowry in the success or failure of marital adjustment. To study the perception of women towards the dowry practices. To give possible suggestions for the solution of this problem. V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Bloch and Rao (2001) Estimated how domestic violence may be used as an instrument to extract larger transfers from a spouses family. It is based on a case-study of three villages in Southern India, that combines qualitative and survey data. Based on the ethnographic evidence, they develop a non-cooperative bargaining and signaling model of dowries and domestic violence. The estimation from these models were tested with survey data. This study showed that women who payed smaller dowries suffer an increased risk of marital violence, as do women who come from richer families. Maristella and Aloysius(2002) Showed that when married daughters leave their parents home and their married brothers do not, altruistic parents provide dowries for daughters and gifts for sons in order to meet a free riding problem between their married sons and daughters. The study has estimation on the form of the dowry contract, the exclusion of daughters from bequests, and the decline of dowries in previously dowry giving societies. These estimation are consistent with historical evidence from ancient Near Eastern civilizations, ancient Greece, Roman and Byzantine empires, western Europe from 500 to 1500 AD, the Jews from antiquity to the Middle Ages, Arab Islam from 650 AD to modern times, China, Japan, medieval and Renaissance Tuscany, early-modern England, modern Brazil, North America, and contemporary India Terilt (2002) argued that marriages in traditional societies often include a transfer between the involved parties. In some societies, a transfer is made from the groom to the family of bride (a brideprice), while in others it goes from the bride to the groom (dowry). Researcher investigated whether differences in the type of marriages that are allowed can account for these observations The model has several other interesting implications that are in line with what is san in the data. Pologyny leads to a larger difference in age between husbands and wives, a younger marriage age for women, and higher fertility. Siwan (2003) concluded that in contrast to most dowry-oriented societies in which payments have declined with modernization, those in India have undergone significant inflation over the last five decades. He explained the difference between these two experiences by focusing on the role played by caste. The theoretical model contrasts caste- and non-caste-based societies: in the former, there exists an inherited component to status (caste) that is independent of wealth, and in the latter, wealth is the primary determinant of caste. Modernization is assumed to involve two components: increasing average wealth and increasing wealth dispersion within caste groups. He further showed that, in caste based societies, the increases in wealth dispersion that accompany modernization necessarily lead to increases in dowry payments, whereas in non-caste-based societies, increased dispersion has no real effect on dowry payments and increasing average wealth causes the payments to decline. Luciana et al (2004) estimated that in recent years, dowry levels have risen to previously unforeseen levels. Among Hindus in north India dowry can amount to three or four times a familys total assets. Among Muslims in Bangladesh and Hindus in south India, dowry has become commonplace whereas the practice did not exist a generation ago. The institution of dowry has been widely criticized, socially maligned, and legally banned. Some recent economic writings suggest that dowry functions as a bequest or pre-mortem inheritance, implying it persists because it is good for the bride. Using panel data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh, he explored the association between dowry and the prevalence of domestic abuse to test the bequest theory of dowry. They found that, contrary to the prediction of the bequest theory, married females who paid dowry at marriage have a higher likelihood of reporting domestic violence compared to those who did not. In addition, the relation between dow ry and abuse is highly level-specific: respondents who paid small dowries report much higher levels of abuse than those who paid large dowries. In fact, paying no dowry is just as protective, if not more so, in terms of preventing abuse as the largest dowry payments. Anderson (2004) concluded that laws restricting dowries have existed in most societies where these transfers have occurred. Central to the policy debates is the actual role of the dowry payment. It is typically believed that intervention is required when dowries serve as a price for marriage (groom price), but not when dowries are means of endowing daughters with some financial security (pre-mortem inheritance). He developed a simple matching model of marriage which integrates the two different roles for dowry. It is demonstrated that when modernization occurs, dowry payments can evolve from a pre-mortem inheritance into a groom price. The model generated implications which empirically distinguish the two different motives. The predictions are tested using recent data from Pakistan, where dowry legislation is currently an active policy issue. This investigation concludes that, in urban areas the payment is serving as a groom price, instead of the traditional pre-mortem inheritance to women. However, his study showed that this is not such a large concern in rural areas. Geirbo and Imam (2006) concluded that much of what is written about dowry focuses on the harmful aspects. He argued that in order to target dowry as a social problem, we need to know more about why people continue the practice. It gives an overview of the transactions connected to wedding and divorce before it explores the motivations people have for giving and taking dowry. In the end, it is discussed how this rationality meets the rationality of the government and NGOs in the local interpretation and use of legislation and in the use of microcredit. Security is found to be the main motivation for giving dowry. A paid dowry gives a hope that the daughter will be treated well in her in-laws house. Because dowry is connected to Mohr, it also gives a security in case of divorce. However, a paid dowry does not give women entitlements towards her in-laws, only a hope that they will treat her well. Also, womens entitlement to Mohr depends on payment of dowry as well as her performance as a wife. Men, on the other hand, are perceived as having unquestioned entitlement to dowry. This imbalance is seen as being connected to a perception of women as being vulnerable to physical and social risk as well as representing a threat to their family and community. In conclusion it is recommended that instead of targeting dowry directly, advocacy efforts would gain from targeting the causes behind the motivations for giving and taking dowry. Reducing the risk factors that make married status and dowry crucial for women is a way to combat the practice. One way to do this is by implementing livelihood programmers for adolescent girls. Apart from this, the prevailing gender ideology has to be challenged systematically among both girls and boys from an early age. The monograph is based on qualitative research in Domar under Nilphamari district in Bangladesh. Babur (2007) concluded that dowry system is another form of social and traditional practice whose consequences result direct violence of women. There is hardly any family in Pakistan un which this dowry system is not followed. Not a signal day passes without dowry death and torture women. News papers are full of stories torture of women who bring in sufficient dowry. Unable to bear the torched, some brides are forced to commit suicide and some are burnt alive under the cover of stove deaths, which is also called bride burning in which women are burn alive after being covered with kerosene oil. Afzal (2007) estimated an equation explaining the determinates of dowry they address a very common socio economic problem for subcontinent, the problem of dowry from a social planers respective, whom wants to reduce overall dowry transfer, they consider the effect of change in a few relevant parameters like husband height, wife height wet land dry land, year of marriage and years of education, for woman and men on these decision. According to the various studies the dowry phenomenon is exist heavily in rural subcontinent, at the same time research related to the system is very rare. The aim of his study to estimate an equation explaining the determinant of dowry. Several interpretation of dowry is distinguished using a simple theoretical frame work and the prediction of this model are tested. Using the data provide them for this project is tested and reliable so that they will be able to draw their won testable relationships and determinant of dowry. His study suggested even though t here are religious and cultural differences, the system of dowry in Pakistan appears to be for the same reason as in India. A theoretical frame work was developed that was inclusive of the required variable by testing through the multiple regression analyses and the experimental findings shows the independent variable use to test have an impact on dowry by applying multiple regression step wise method. Arunachalamy and Loganz (2008) concluded that dowries have been modeled as pre-mortem bequests to daughters or as groom-prices paid to in-laws. These two classes of models yield mutually exclusive predictions, but empirical tests of these predictions have been mixed. We draw from historical evidence that suggests a bifurcated marriage market, in which some households use dowries as a bequest and others use dowries as a price. The competing theories of dowry allow us to structure an exogenous switching regression that places households in the price or bequest regime. The empirical strategy allows for multiple checks on the validity of regime assignment. Using retrospective marriage data from rural Bangladesh, we evidence of het- erogeneity in dowry motives; that bequest dowries have declined in prevalence and amount over time; and that bequest households are better o_ compared to price households on a variety of welfare measures. Attila et al (2008) suggested that existing theoretical and empirical research on dowries has difficulty accounting for the large changes in dowry levels observed in many countries over the past few decades. To explain trends in dowry levels in Bangladesh, they draw attention to an institutional feature of marriage contracts previously ignored in the literature: the mehr or traditional Islamic bride price, which functions as a prenuptial agreement in Bangladesh due to the default practice of being only payable upon divorce. We develop a model of marriage contracts in which mehr serves as a barrier to husbands exiting marriage and a component of dowry is an amount that extant compensates the groom for the cost of mehr. The contracts are welfare-improving because they induce husbands to internalize the social costs of divorce for women. We investigate how mehr and dowry respond to exogenous changes in the costs of polygamy and divorce, and show that our model gives a different set of p redictions than traditional models of dowry payments without contractible mehr. To test the models predictions empirically, we use data collected on marriage contracts between 1956 and 2004 from a large household survey from the Northwest region of the country, and make use of key changes in Muslim Family Law in 1961 and 1974. They showed that major changes in dowry levels took place precisely after the legal changes, corresponding to simultaneous changes in levels of mehr. Sarwat and Imtiaz (2009) concluded that the focus of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. In this paper, they address a very common socio-economic problem for sub-continent, the problem of dowry. From a social planners perspective, who wants to reduce overall dowry transfers, they consider the effect of change in a few relevant parameters like husband height, wife height, wet land, dry land, years of marriage and years of education for women men on these decisions. According to the various studies the dowry phenomenon is exist heavily in rural sub-continent, at the same time research related to this system is very rare. The aim of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Several interpretations for dowry are distinguished using a simple theoretical framework and the predictions of this model are tested. Using the data provided us for this project is tested and reliable so that we will be able to draw our own t estable relationships and determinants of dowry. The data will be use in the following sections for further analysis by estimating the determinants of dowry using multiple regression analysis. The study suggests that even though there are religious and cultural differences, the system of dowry in Pakistan appears to be for the same reasons as in India. A theoretical framework was developed that was inclusive of all the required variables by testing through the multiple regression analysis and the experimental findings shows the independent variable used to test have an impact on dowry by applying multiple regression step-wise method. Laura et al (2009) concluded that significant amounts of wealth have been exchanged as part of marriage settlements throughout history. Although various models have been proposed for interpreting these practices, their development over time has not been investigated systematically. In this study they use a Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic comparative approach to reconstruct the evolution of two forms of wealth transfers at marriage, dowry and bride wealth, for 51 Indo-European cultural groups. Results indicate that dowry is more likely to have been the ancestral practice, and that a minimum of four changes to bride wealth is necessary to explain the observed distribution of the two states across the cultural groups. Review of literature explained that a large number of women faced many dowry problems including that psychological, social and economical factors common in our society. This is more serious issue in our Pakistan. I am going to explore a sociological study women perception towards dowry in urban areas of Tehsil D.G.Khan. VII MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques apply for a data collection, data analysis and interpretation of data related to research problem. According to Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) the scientific methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which the claims for knowledge are evaluate. The aim of present study will be to explore the causes of dowry such as social, economical, political , legal and their impact of dowry at marriage in our society. The universe of study will be Tehsil D.G.Khan (District Dera Ghazi Khan). A sample of one hundred and fifty females will be selected from five urban councils through simple random sampling technique. Respondents will be interviewed by using a well structured questionnaire. Ten respondents will be pre-tested to check and examine the workability of questionnaire. Data will be analyzed through appropriate statistical technique by using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), Univariate and bivariate analysis will be carried out and obtained information will be present in form of M.Sc thesis. VII. LITERATURE CITED: Attila. A, Erica. F, Maximo. T.2008. Muslim family law, prenuptial agreements and the emergence of dowry in Bangladesh,Harvard University. Arunachalamy.R, Loganz. T.2008.On the Heterogeneity of Dowry Motives. Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, and National Bureau of Economic Research. Anderson.S.2004. Should dowries be banned? Department of Economics, University of British Columbia. Bloch .F, Rao.V.2001. Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case-Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India.1-25 Geirbo. H, Imam. N.2006. The Motivations Behind Giving and Taking Dowry. BRAC,Research and evaluation division Dhaka. Bangladesh. Page 1-36 Luciana. S, Sajada. A, Lopita. H, Kobita. C.2004. Does Dowry Improve Life for Brides? A Test of the Bequest Theory of Dowry in Rural Bangladesh. Population council No.195. Laura.F, Clare. H, Ruth .M.2009. From bridewealth to dowry? A bayesian estimation of ancestral states of marriage transfers in indoeuropean groups. Department of anthropology, university college london.1-34 Maristella. B, Aloysius. S. 2002. Why Dowries? Department of Economics, University of Toronto. Contributed papers 0200,Economic society.Page 1-47 Maristella. B, Aloysius .S.2002. Marriage Markets and Intergenerational Transfers in Comparative Perspective (Why Dowries?) Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences. Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton.London Rakhshinda, P.2006. Dowry: The most frequently forgotten form of gender violence in Pakistan. Gender based Violence. Sarwat ,A, Imtiaz, S; 2009. To estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Pakistan development review, vol.xii,No.1,48-61. Siwan. A.2003. Why Dowry Payments Declined with Modernization in Europe but Are Rising in India. [Journal of Political Economy, 2003, vol. 111, no. 2]. The University of Chicago. Tonushree, J. 2001. The Economics of Dowry: Causes and Effects of an Indian Tradition, copyright 2001 UAUJE. Htt://www.eco.ilstu/UAUJE.Research monograph series No.28. Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences. Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton.London

Cause and Effect of Anorexia Essay -- Health, Diseases

â€Å"I look like a normal, well-adjusted 15-year-old high school sophomore. I like talking to friends on the phone, riding my bike, watching TV, and spending time with my boyfriend. I make above average grades and like math and science classes the best. However, about a year ago, my weight dropped to 72 pounds. I lay in a hospital bed with unkempt hair, fragile limbs and a sunken face. I was seriously ill. The villainous disease was not cancer or AIDS. I had anorexia, a condition which afflicts many teens and young adults, especially young women.† Holly (Caringonline.org) Anorexia is a type of eating disorder who has an intense fear of gaining weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin (1). Anorexia affects both the mind and body and can even become deadly. Anorexia usually starts in the teen years and can go into adult hood. Untreated anorexia can lead to starvation and serious health problems, such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, and heart problems. Some people die from these problems (1). The cause of anorexia is not fully understood. It is thought to be from a mix of physical, emotional,, and social triggers (2). Extreme dieting changes how the brain and metabolism work, and it stresses the body. Genetics play a big part in anorexia. A combination of certain personality traits such as low self-confidence along with perfectionism and cultural and social pressures can play a big part in anorexia. For some teens, anorexia can be a way of coping with stressful events, such as moving, divorce, or t he death of a love one (2). People who have anorexia will often deny that anything is wrong. Almost half of people who have anorexia will eventually develop symptoms, binge-purge behav... ...at" on her legs and her stomach. She adamantly refused to see a doctor until she fainted while boarding the school bus. In the fall, she cut her forehead; her parents took her to the emergency room. Appalled by her emaciation, the physician said Anne suffered from anorexia nervosa and immediately admitted her to the hospital (library.thinkquest.org). Anorexia is a deadly disease if you don’t catch it early. Physically and psychologically anorexia will destroy your body and your mind. You get so consumed on limiting your calorie intake and ignoring your health by depriving your body from nutrients and malnutrition. Mentally by starving yourself you think you are in control but the disease ends up controlling you. Anorexia starts at a young age affecting teen but it can also affect adult hood. Anorexia does not only affect females but also affects males.

A Case of Murder by Vernon Scannel is a poem which deals with a very Es

A Case of Murder by Vernon Scannel is a poem which deals with a very unusual topic; the murder of a cat by a nine year old boy. The poet brings the poem alive by using different writing techniques e.g. line lengths. â€Å"A Case of murder† by Vernon Scannel Critical response to literature by Gregor Baird â€Å"A Case of Murder† by â€Å"Vernon Scannel† is a poem which deals with a very unusual topic; the murder of a cat by a nine year old boy. The poet brings the poem alive by using different writing techniques e.g. line lengths, no rhyme or pattern this holds my attention more and stops the rhyme merge into one tone. He also uses writing techniques such as Repetition, Figurative language, structure & rhyme. In the poem the boy has been left with a cat in a basement flat and the cat is just sitting buzzing away. This really annoys the boy and the hatred that has gathered up in the boy. This results in the boy hitting the cat then prodding the cat then crushing the cat in between the door. In result to this the boy cries and decides to get a shovel from the cupboard under the stairs and he shovels the cat into the cupboard under the stairs. Although the cat is dead he thinks the cat is growing in the cupboard and the cupboard is going to split. The boy in the poem is very annoyed about the cat â€Å"He hated that cat; he watched it sit a buzzing machine of soft black stuff† because the cat gets all the attention and he is left out, therefore the boy is jealous of the cat. From the poem it tells us that the boy is insecure with his parents â€Å"He was only nine, not old enough to be left alone in a basement flat† because they left a nine-year-old alone with a cat in a basement flat with no one. This also tells us that h... ...re isn’t something the poet wants to commit to in this poem. It doesn’t have an order of regular size in each stanza a variety of length of lines. Unclear pattern allows us to see the change in the boy’s emotions. The theme of this poem is all to do with guilt, which has been mentioned in the essay. Hate is the main emotion between boy and cat, conscience a thing, which the boy does have, power that has been swapped from cat to boy and anger which has built up in the boy. In conclusion to this critical response to literature I have 1covered the techniques in the poem, the emotions, the situation between the boy and the cat and the very unusual topic. It has been described how the poet brings the unusual poem alive for us. We have discussed the character and how he changed during the main incident and in depth about the emotion and feeling of the boy.

The Impact of World War I and President Wilson on Womens Suffrage Essa

The Impact of World War I and President Wilson on Women's Suffrage On November 11, 1918, the armistice was signed that ended World War I. The Allies, including the United States, had won. The very next year the nineteenth amendment, guaranteeing women the right to vote passed Congress and in 1920 went on to be ratified by the states. The women of the United States had also won. This timing was not mere coincidence. The war had a profound impact on the suffrage movement. It became the central issue in women’s activism for a federal suffrage amendment. In turn, the women used it as a plea and a bargaining chip for the support of politicians, specifically President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson was a pivotal figure in the last two years of the fight for women’s suffrage, 1917 and 1918. It was his influence on suffrage that ultimately won women the vote by his support of the federal amendment as an emergency war measure. Wilson’s support for a federal amendment was remarkable because before the war, he had not considered womenâ⠂¬â„¢s suffrage a federal amendment issue. Other historians rightfully credit Wilson for his all-important support of the federal suffrage amendment. Yet some do not document the evolution of his ideology on the issue, and those who do not go far enough. For years, Wilson had held the position that women’s suffrage was a states’ rights issue. On August 15, 1912, as Wilson was campaigning in Massachusetts, Governor Eugene Noble Foss wrote him to ask about his position on women’s suffrage. The Governor stated that he had been under pressure from local factions of the women’s movement to learn Wilson’s thoughts on the issue. Two days later Wilson responded and spelled it out for the Governor. â€Å"I must s... ...unardini and Steinson clearly shows Wilson’s important influence on the suffrage movement. It even conveys the fact that Wilson had not always supported a federal suffrage amendment, but neither Lunardini nor Steinson goes far enough in explaining the why and the how of his conversion. Through his correspondence with leaders in the women’s movement and other politicians, Wilson abandoned his previous position of suffrage as a state’s rights issue. He came to believe in a federal amendment for a variety of philosophical as well as practical concerns. This conversion and its process were important occurrences in the course of American women’s history. Without Wilson’s support it is impossible to tell how much longer the suffrage battle would have worn on, and his support would never have come about if it were not for all these influences on his evolving ideology.

Family Welfare Statistics 2011

FAMILY  WELFARE  STATISTICS  Ã‚   IN  Ã‚   INDIA 2011 Statistics  Division   Ministry  of  Health  and  Family  Welfare   Government  of  IndiaAbbreviations AIDS AHS ANC ANM ANC APL ARI ASHA AWW AYUSH BCG BE BMS BPL CBR CDR CES CHC CNAA CPR CPR DLHS DPT DT EAG ECR EmOC FP FRUs HIV HMIS ICDS IDSP IDDCP IIPS IPHS IEC IFA Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Annual Health Survey Antenatal Care Auxiliary Nurse Mid-wife Ante Natal Care Above Poverty Line Acute Respiratory Infection Accredited Social Health Activist Anganwadi Worker Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy Bacillus Calmette Guerin Budget Estimates Basic Minimum Services Programme Below Poverty Line Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Coverage Evaluation Survey Community Health Centre Community Needs Assessment Approach Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Couples Protection Rate District Level Household Survey Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Diphtheria and Tetanus Empower ed Action Group Eligible Couple Register Emergency Obstetric Care Family Planning First Referral Units Human Immunodeficiency Virus Health Management Information Systems Integrated Child Development Services Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Iodine Deficience Disorder Control Programme International Institute for Population Sciences Indian Public Health Standards Information, Education and Communication Iron and Folic Acid IMR IPHS IUCD IUD JSK JSY LHV MCTS M&E MIES MIS MMR MNP MoH&FW MPW-F/M MTP NACP NACO NCP NFHS NGO NLEP NIHFW NNMR NPCB NPP NPSF NRHM NSV NVBDCP NUHM Obs/gyn OP OPV ORS PC&PNDT PHC PHN PIP PMG PMUInfant Mortality Rate Indian Public Health Standards Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Intra Uterine Device Jansankhya Sthirtha Kosh Janani Suraksha Yojana Lady Health Visitor Mother and Child Tracking System Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring, Information & Evaluation System Management Information System Maternal Mortality Ratio Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Multi Purpose Worker – Female / Male Medical Termination of Pregnancy National AIDS Control Program National AIDS Control Organisation National Commission on Population National Family Health Survey Non-Governmental Organization National Leprosy Eradication Programme National Institute of Health and Family Welfare Neonatal Mortality Rate National Programme for Control of Blindness National Population Policy National Population Stabilisation Fund National Rural Health Mission No Scalpel Vasectomy National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme National Urban Health Mission Obstetrics and Gynecology Oral Pills Oral Polio Vaccine Oral Rehydration Solution Pre-conception & Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Primary Health Centre Public Health Nurse Programme Implementation Plan Programme Management Group Programme Management Unit PNC PPP PRCs RCH RHS RKS RGI RNTCP RTI SBA SC SC/ST SRS STDs STI TBAs TFR TT UIPPost Natal Care Public Private Partnership Po pulation Research Centres Reproductive and Child Health Rapid Household Survey Rogi Kalyan Samiti, Registrar General of India Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme Reproductive Tract Infection Skilled Birth Attendants Sub Centre Scheduled- Caste / Scheduled- Tribe Sample Registration System Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Infections Traditional Birth Attendants Total Fertility Rate Tetanus Toxoid Universal Immunization Program CONTENTS Page No. Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abbreviations Executive Summary and overview of Family Welfare Programme in India (Hindi & English version)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. LIST OF TABLES SECTION – A Population & Vital Statistics TABLE NO. A. 1 TITLEPopulation Growth, Crude Birth Rate, Death Rate & Sex Ratio India 1901-2001 Distribution of Population, Sex Ratio, Density and Growth Rate of Population Census 2001 Rural and Urban Composition of Population, Census 1991 Total Population, Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and their proportions to the total population Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns Reporting Slums and Slum Population in Slum Areas – India, States, Union Territories Child Population in the age-group 0-6 by sex – Census 2001 & 2011 Population Aged 7 years and above 2011 (Provisional) Literates and Literacy Rates by sex, 2001 and 2011(Provisional) census Sex-ratio of total population and child population in the age-group 0-6 and 7+ years 2001 & 2011 Distribution of Population by Age Groups 2001(Census) Percentage Distribution of Population by Age and Sex, India, 1951-2001 census Projected Population Characteristics 2001-2012 Proportion of Population in Age Groups 0-4 and 5-9 a A. 2 A. 3 A. 3. 1 A. 3. 2 A. 3. 3 A. 3. 4 A. 3. 5 A. 3. 6 A. 4 A. 5 A. 6 A. 7 Child-Woman Ratio, and Dependency Ratio, 2001 A 8. Number of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 Years), All India 2001 Percentage Distribution of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 years) by Age Group, Censuses 1961, 1971 , 1981, 1991 & 2001 Number of Married Females in Rural Areas by Age,2001 Number of Married Females in Urban Areas by Age,2001. A. 9 A. 10 A. 11 A11. 1 Estimated eligible couples per 1000 population – 1991 & 2001 Census A. 12 A. 3 Expectation of Life at Birth 1901-2016 Projected Levels of the Expectation of Life at Birth By Sex ,1996-2016 A13. 1 Expectancy of life at birth by sex and residence, India and bigger States, 2002-06 A. 14 A. 15 A. 16 A. 17 A. 18 Fertility Indicators 1996-2009 – All India Time Series Data on CBR, CDR, IMR and TFR – India Crude Birth and Death Rates in Rural and Urban Areas 1981-2009 Estimated Birth and Death Rates in Different States/UTs – à ¢â‚¬ ¦1981,1991,2001-2009 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- India A. 18. 1 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Rural A. 18. 2 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Urban A. 19 A. 20 A. 21 A22 A. 2 A23 A24 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 1980 to 2009 – All India Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 2001 to 2009 – India and Major States Mortality Indicators by Residence: All India 1980-2009 Infant Mortality Rate by Residence – All states/UTs Child Mortality Rate by Residence Mortality Indicators, India and Major States 2005 to 2009 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR*) and Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR*): India, 2005-2009 Fertility Indicators for Major States -2005-2009 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Major States, 2005-2009 b A. 25 A. 26 A. 27 Age Specific Fertility Rates by Educational Level of the Woman, 2005 to 2009(All India) Mean Age at Effective Marriage (Female), India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Mean age at effective marriage of females , by residence India and Major States ,2005 to 2009 Percentage of Females by Age at Effective Marriage by Residence, India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Percent Distribution of Live Births by Order of Birth , India and Major States, 2005-2009 Percentage Distribution of Births By Order of Births By Residence, 2005 to 2009 Average Number of Children Born per Woman by Age – 2001 A. 28 A. 29 A. 30 A. 31 A. 32 A. 33 A. 34Proportion of Ever-married Womwn of parity (i+1) and above to 1000 Ever-married women of parity (i) and above 2001 Percentage of Ever-Married Women (Aged 50 and Above) With No Live Birth 2001 Percent distribution of live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother at Delivery by Residence –All India Percentage of Deaths by Causes Related to Child Birth & Pregnancy (Maternal) – All India (Rural) – 1985, 1990 , 1995,1997 & 1998 Percentage Distribution of Deaths due to Specifi c Causes under the Major Group â€Å"Causes Peculiar to Infancy† for selected States 1996-98 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1997-98 to 2007-09 Under-five Mortality Rates(U5MR) by sex and residence, 2008 & 2009 Sex-ratio of child (age group 0-4) 2004-06 to 2007-09 – SRS A. 35 A. 36 A. 37 A. 38 A. 39 A. 40 A. 41 SECTION – B Family Welfare Programme Statistics i) Immunisation Coverage & MTP Services B. 1 Year-Wise Achievement of Targets of MCH Activities – All India c B. 2 B. 3 B. 4State-wise Targets and Achievements of M. C. H. Activities, 2004-05 to 2007-08 Year-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed – All India State-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed (ii) Family Planning Acceptance & Impact of the programme B. 5 B. 6 B. 7 B. 8 B. 9 B. 10 B. 11 B. 12 Family Planning Acceptors by Methods – All India Sex-wise Break up of Sterilisation Performed Year-Wise Achievement of Family Planning Methods-All India State-Wise Achievements in respect of Sterilisations State-Wise Achievements in respect of IUD Insertions State-Wise Achievements in respect of Condom Users State-Wise Achievements in respect of O. P.Users State-Wise Vasectomies, Tubectomies and % share of Tubectomy to total Sterilisations State-Wise Number of Laparoscopic Tubectomies Along with Total Number Tubectomy Operations Performed State-wise Number of NSV & Total Number of Vasectomy Operations Performed State-Wise Distribution of Condom Pieces State-Wise Number of Oral Pill Centres Functioning and Distribution of Oral Pill Cycles of B. 13 B. 14 B. 15 B. 16 B. 17 B. 18 B. 19 Number of Condom pieces and Oral Pill Cycles Distributed – All India Information Relating to Maternal Health, 2007 to 2011 Couples Currently and Effectively Protected in India By Various Methods of Family Planning Percentage effective CPR due to all Methods Couples Currently and Effectively Protected Number of Births Averted dB. 20 B. 21 B. 22 SECTION – C HMIS- New Key Indicators C. 1 C. 2 C. 3 C. 4 C. 5 C. 6 C. 7 C. 8 C. 9 C. 10 Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC Checkups Number of women given TT2/Booster Number of women having Hb level < 11 (tested cases) Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery Number of women discharged under 48 hrs of delivery from public facility Number of Still Births Number of newborns weighed at Birth Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery SECTION – D Survey Findings D. 1 D. 2 D. 3 D. Key Indicators NHFS-III Comparative Key Indicators – NFHS-III, NFHS-II and NFHS-I Comparative Key Indicators- DLHS-1, DLHS-2 and DLHS-3 Comparison of Key Indicators – NFHS(2005-06), DLHS (2007-08) and Converage Evaluation Survey(CES) 2009 conducted by UNICEF Concurrent Evaluation NRHM – India Facts (2009) Results of Annual Health Survey, 2010-11 D. 5 D. 6 S ECTION –E Infrastructure facilities E. 1 E. 2 Number of Sub-Centres, PHCs & CHCs functioning as on March, 2010 Facility Survey, DLHS ,2007-2008 e E. 3 E. 4 E. 5 E. 6 E. 7 Health Worker (Female)/ANM at Sub-Centre Health Worker (Female) Sub-Centre and PHCs Number of sub-centres without ANMs or and Health Workers(M) Doctors+ at Primary Health Centres Number of PHCs with Doctors and without Doctors/Lab Technician/Pharmacist SECTION –F Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare F. Year Wise BE, RE and Actual Expenditure relating to Department of Family Welfare Plan Outlay on Health Family Welfare in Different Plan Periods Centre, States and Union Territories Scheme-wise breakup of actual expenditure during 2007-08 and outlay for 2008-09 Details of External Assistance fro RCH Programme and Immunization Strengthening Project External Funding Assistance for Polio Programme F. 2 F. 3 F. 4 F. 5 Annexures Annex1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Demographic Indicators Demographic Estimates for Selec ted Countries, 2008 Definitions f SUMMARY  OF  FAMILY  WELFARE   PROGRAMME  IN  INDIA Executive Summary The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare brings out a statistical publication titled â€Å"Family Welfare Statistics in India†. The publication presets the most up-to-date data on the performance of various family welfare programmes and various demographic indicators. The 2011 edition contains six sections. Section â€Å"A† (Tables: A. 1 to A. 1) of the report covers Vital Statistics and captures data on population, sex ratio, rural & urban composition, child population, percentage distribution of population by age and sex, number of married couples, life expectancy at birth, fertility indicators, age specific fertility rates by educational levels, age specific death rates by sex, infant mortality rate by sex, child mortality rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, etc. Analysis of some of the important indicators, is given in the â€Å"Over View† (Para 1 . 0 to 5. 0). Performance of immunization activities, family planning programmes, MTP services, etc. are covered in Section-B (Tables-B. 1 to B. 22). Para 6. 0 to 6. 9 discusses some of these important parameters in the â€Å"Overview†. The â€Å"Section-C† (Tables C. 1 to C. 0) of the Report covers State-wise data on some of the indicators like; Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC checkups, Number of women given TT2/Booster, Number of women having Hb level < 11 (tested cases), Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery, Number of women discharged within 48 hrs of delivery from public facility, Number of Still Births, Number of newborns weighed at Birth, Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs. , Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour, Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery, etc. This data is an aggregation of district level data which is uploaded on Health Management Information System (HMIS) por tal of the Ministry by States/UTs.A number of large scale surveys are being carried out by the Ministry from time to time to assess the performance of various health and family welfare programmes. These surveys inter-alia include, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), Facility Survey, Concurrent Evaluation Survey (CES) of NRHM, etc. Section-D focuses on the indicators covered in these large surveys. Data on key indicators (State-wise) covered in NFHS-III (2005-06) as compared with NFHS-II (1998-99) and NFHS-I (1992-93) are given in Tables D. 1 and D. 2. Tables D-3 captures data on key indicators covered in DLHS-III (2007-08) as compared with DLHS-II(2002-04) and DLHS-I (1998-99). Concurrent Evaluation of NRHM was carried out in 2009.The indicators covered include (a) health infrastructure facilities (b) Communitisation of services (c) Functioning of ANM (d) Availability of Human Resources (e) Service Ou tcomes. The results of the evaluation survey i are presented in Table D-5. A comparative data on common indicators covered in NFHS-III, DLHS-III and CES-2009 are brought out in Table D-4. The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam.The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under F ive Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio, etc. have since become available and are given in Section-D (Tables D. 6. 1 to D. 6. 5).Data on key indicators covered in â€Å"Facility Survey-2007-08† conducted as part of DLHS-III are given in â€Å"Section E†. Latest data received from States /UTs regarding availability of Human resource & infrastructure facilities at Sub Centre, Primary Health Centre (PHC) and Community Health Centre (CHC) are also given in â€Å"Section-E† (Tables E. 1 to E. 7). Section-F covers â€Å"Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare† 2010-11 programmes for the year ii Overview Family Welfare Programme in India, 2011 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF INDIA 1. 0 Vital Statistics 1. 1 As on 1st March, 2011 India's population stood at 1. 21 billion comprising of 623. 72 million (51. 54%) males and 586. 47 million (48. 46%) females. India, which accounts for world's 17. percent population, is the second most populous country in the world next only to China (19. 4%). One of the important features of the present decade is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911-21) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade. In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by about 181. 46 million during the decade 2001-2011. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83. 3 crore (68. 84%) live in rural areas while 37. 7 crore (31. 16%) live in urban areas, as per the Census of India's 2011. Highlights of Census 2011 The average annual exponential growth declined to 1. 64% per annum during 2001-2011 from 1. 97% per annum during 1991-2001.Decadal growth during 2001-2011 declined to 17. 64% from 21. 54% during 1991-2001. The decade is the first, with the exception of 1911-21, which has actually added fewer people compared to the previous decade. The rural population (83. 31 crore) and urban Population (37. 71 crore) constitutes 68. 84% and 31. 16% respectively to the total popula tion of the country. During 2001-2011, for the first time, the growth momentum of population for the EAG States declined by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of growth of population for the country by 3. 9 percent as compared to 1991-2001. iiiThough the child-sex ratio [0 to 6 years] has declined from 927 female per 1000 males in 1991-2001 to 914 females per 1000 males, increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Island. Literacy rate increased from 64. 83% in 2001 to 74. 04% in 2011; 82. 14% male literacy, 65. 46% female literacy. Among the States and Union Territories, Uttar Pradesh is the most populous State with 199. 6 million people and Lakshadweep the least populated with 64,429 people. The contribution of Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the total population of the country is 16. 5% foll owed by Maharashtra (9. 3%), Bihar (8. 6%), West Bengal (7. 6%), Andhra Pradesh (7. 0%) and Madhya Pradesh (6. ). The combined contribution of these six most populous States in the country accounts for 55% to the country’s population 1. 2 The country's headcount is almost equal to the combined population of the United States of America (USA), Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan — all put together. The combined population of UP and Maharashtra is bigger than that of the USA. Population of many Indian States is comparable with countries like United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, etc. States in India vs Countries in the World (In Millions) State in India Population- Country @ [email  protected] 2011 Uttar Pradesh 199. 6 Brazil 195. Maharashtra 112. 4 Japan 127. 0 Bihar 103. 8 Mexico 110. 5 iv West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka 91. 3 84. 7 72. 6 72. 1 68. 6 61. 1 Philippines Germany Turkey 93. 6 82. 1 72. 7 Thailand 68. 1 France 62. 8 United 61. 9 Kingdom Gujarat 60. 4 Italy 60. 1 Orissa 41. 9 Argentina 40. 7 Kerala 33. 4 Canada 33. 9 Jharkhand 33. 0 Morocco 32. 4 Assam 31. 2 Iraq 31. 5 Punjab 27. 7 Malaysia 27. 9 Chhattisgarh 25. 5 Saudi 26. 2 Arabia Haryana 25. 4 Australia 21. 5 @Source: State of World Population 2010 1. 3 The Average Annual Exponential Growth Rate (AAEGR) for 2001-2011 dipped sharply to 1. 64 percent per annum from 2. 6 percent during 1981-1991 and 1. 97 percent per annum during 1991-2001. Among the major States, Bihar, J&K, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Gujarat recorded higher annual exponential growth rate as compared to the national average during 2001-2011. The State of Bihar registered the highest (2. 26%) AAEGR and Kerala (0. 48) registered the lowest. v 1. 4 The decadal rate of growth of population has slowed down to 17. 64% in 2001-2011 as compared to 21. 54% in 1991-2001. At the St ate level, growth rates varied widely. Nagaland with (-) 0. 47% had the lowest decadal growth rate.The phenomenon of low growth has started to spread beyond the boundaries of the Southern States during 2001-11, where in addition to Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the South, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the North, West Bengal and Orissa in the East, and Maharashtra in the West have registered a growth rate between eleven to sixteen percent in 2001-2011 over the previous decade. Among the larger States, Bihar registered the highest decadal growth rate of 25% and Kerala the lowest (4. 86%). It is significant that the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since independence. It declined from 23. 87 percent for 1981-1991 to 21. 54 percent for the period 1991-2001, a decrease of 2. 33 percentage point. During 20012011, this decadal growth has become 17. 64 percent, a further decrease of 3. 90 percentage points (Table A-1). 1. Traditio nally, for historical reasons, some States depicted a tendency of higher growth in population. Recognizing this phenomenon, and in order to facilitate the creation of area-specific programmes, with special emphasis on eight States that have been lagging behind in containing population growth to manageable limits, the Government of India constituted an Empowered Action Group (EAG) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in March 2001. These eight States were Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, which came to be known as ‘the EAG States'. During 2001-11, the rate of growth of population in the EAG States except Chhattisgarh has slowed down (Table-A-2).For the first time, the growth momentum of population in the EAG States has given the signal of slowing down, falling by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of gr owth for the country by 3. 9 percentage points during 2001-11 as compared to 1991-2001. vi 1. 6 Natural Growth Rate: The natural growth rate, which is the difference between the birth rate and death rate, was estimated as 1. 52% in 2009 against 1. 97 % in 1991. 1. 7 Sex Ratio: According to Census of India 2011, the sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. It has gone up from 933 in 2001 census to 940 in 2011 census. Kerala with 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Pondicherry with 1038.Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618. The Sex Ratio in Arunachal Pradesh (920), Bihar (916), Gujarat (918), Haryana (877), J(883), Madhya Pradesh(930), Maharashtra (925), Nagaland(931), Punjab(893), Rajasthan(926),Sikkim (889) and Uttar Pradesh (908) is lower than the national average. All UTs except Puducherry and Lakshadweep also have lower Sex Ratio as compared to national average (Table A-2). 1. 8 Child Sex Ratio: The child sex ratio (0-6 years), has declined to 91 4 in 2011 Census as compared to 927 in 2001. It showed a continuing preference for male children over females in the last decade. Increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in States/UTs viz.Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Chandigarh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands but in all the remaining States / Union Territories, the child sex ratio showed decline over Census 2001 (Table-A-3. 6). Literacy level: According to the provisional data of the 2011 census, the literacy rate 1. 9 went up from 64. 83 per cent in 2001 to 74. 04 per cent in 2011 — showing an increase of 9. 21 percentage points. Significantly, the female literacy level saw a significant jump as compared to males. The female literacy in 2001 was 53 per cent and it has gone up to 65. 46 per cent in 2011. The male literacy, in comparison, rose from 75. 3 to 82. 14 per cent (Table A-3. 5). Kerala, with 93. 1 per cent, continues to occupy the top position among States as far as literacy is concerned while Bihar remained at the bottom of the ladder at 63. 82 per cent. vii Ten States and Union Territories, including Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have achieved a literacy rate of above 85 per cent. 2. 0 POPULATION PROJECTIONS 2. 1 Population Projections: The projections for the country, individual States and Union Territories up to the year 2026 made by the Technical Group constituted by the National Commission on Population (NCP) under the Chairmanship of Registrar General, India, reveals that the country’s population would reach 1. 4 billion by 2026. Projected Population of India (In Millions)The projected population and proportion (percent) of population by broad age-group as on 1st March, 2001-2026 as per â€Å"Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections – Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (May 2006)† are given in the Table below: Ye ar Population (in millions) Proportion (percent) 15-59 15-49 (years) (years) (Female Population) 35. 4 57. 7 51. 1 32. 1 60. 4 53. 1 29. 1 62. 6 54. 5 0-14 (years) 60+ (years) 6. 9 7. 5 8. 3 2001 2006 2011 1029 1112 1193 (1210 )* 1269 1340 1400 2016 2021 2026 26. 8 25. 1 23. 4 63. 9 64. 2 64. 3 54. 8 54. 1 53. 3 9. 3 10. 7 12. 4 *As per provisional figures of Census 2011. viii 2. 2 National Population Policy (NPP), 2000: Government has adopted a National Population Policy in February, 2000. The main objective is to provide or undertake activities aimed to achieve population stabilisation, at a level consistent with the needs of sustainable economic growth, social development and environment protection, by 2045.The other objectives are: †¢ †¢ †¢ To promote and support schemes, programmes, projects and initiatives for meeting the unmet needs for contraception and reproductive and child health care. To promote and support innovative ideas in the Government, private and v oluntary sector with a view to achieve the objectives of the National Population Policy 2000. To facilitate the development of a vigorous people’s movement in favour of the national effort for population stabilisation. 2. 3 National Commission on Population (NCP): With a view to monitor and direct the implementation of the National Population Policy, the NCP was constituted in 2000 and it was re-constituted in 2005.The Chairman of the re-constituted Commission continued to be Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, whereas Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission and the Minister of Health & FW are the two Vice-Chairmen and Secretary, H, is the Member-Secretary of the Commission. State Population Commissions: State Population Commissions have been 2. 4 constituted in 20 States/UTs. viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikki m, Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Island and Lakshadweep. Janasankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK): The Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK) has been set 2. 5 up as an autonomous body in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, duly registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.The objective of JSK is to facilitate the attainment of the goals of National Population Policy 2000 and support projects, schemes, initiatives and innovative ideas designed to help population stabilization both in the Government and Voluntary sectors and provide a window for canalizing resources through voluntary contributions from individuals, industry, trade organizations and other legal entities in furtherance of the national cause of population stabilization. 3. 0 DEMOGRAPHIC and HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS 3. 1 The demographic and health status indicators have shown significant improvements. The Table below captures data on Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, and Life Expectancy etc. ix Sl. No. 1 2 3 4Parameters Crude Birth Rate (per 1000 population Crude Death Rate (per 1000 population) Total Fertility Rate Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) Child Mortality Rate (0-4 yrs. ) per 1000 children Couple Protection Rate (%) Expectation of life at birth (in years) -Male -Female 1951 40. 8 25. 1 6. 0 NA 1981 33. 9 12. 5 4. 5 NA 1991 29. 5 9. 8 3. 6 398 SRS (199798) 80 26. 5 2001 25. 4 8. 4 3. 1 301 (2001-03) Current Levels 22. 5 (2009) 7. 3 (2009) 2. 6(2009) 212 SRS (2007-09) 50(2009) 14. 1(2009) 5 6 146 (1951-61) 57. 3 (1972) 10. 4 (1971) 110 41. 2 66 19. 3 7 8 22. 8 44. 1 45. 6 40. 4(2011) 37. 1 36. 1 (1951) 54. 1 54. 7 60. 6 61. 7 (199196) 61. 8 63. 5 (1999-03) 62. 6 64. 2 (2002-06)Source: Office of Registrar General of India, except 7 above which is based on estimation done by statistics Division of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NA – Not available 3. 2 Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The Crude Birth Rate decline d from 29. 5 in the 1991 to 22. 5 in 2009. The CBR is higher (24. 1) in rural areas as compared to urban areas (18. 3). Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest CBR (28. 7) and Goa the lowest (13. 5). Assam (23. 6), Bihar (28. 5), Chhattisgarh (25. 7), Jharkhand (25. 6), Madhya Pradesh (27. 7), Rajasthan (27. 2), Uttar Pradesh (28. 7) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average. Among the Smaller States / UTs, D Haveli (27. 0) and Meghalaya (24. ) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average while Tripura (14. 8) recorded the lowest CBR during 2009-Table A-15, A16 & A17. x 3. 3 Life Expectancy: The life expectancy at birth for male was 62. 6 years as compared to females, 64. 2 years according to 2002-06 estimates. Urban Male (67. 1 years) and Urban Female (70 years) have longer life span as compared to their rural counter parts. The life expectancy in Kerala is the highest (74 years) and the lowest in Madhya Pradesh (58 years) Table A-13. 1. xi 4. 0 MORTALITY INDICA TORS 4. 1 Crude Death Rate (CDR): The CDR, which was stagnant during 2007 and 2008 at 7. 4, came down to 7. 3 in 2009. The CDR is higher in rural areas (7. ) as compared to urban areas (5. 8). The death rate is highest (8. 8) in Orissa and lowest in Nagaland (3. 6) – (Table A-17). Age-specific Death Rates: The ASDR for the year 2009 was 14. 1 per 1000 in the age-group 0-4; it drastically declined in the next age-group (5-9) to 1 per 1000. The ASDR gradually increased in each age-group to reach to the level 20. 4 per 1000 in the age-group 60-64 and continued to increase to reach finally to the level 173. 9 per 1000 in the last age-group, 85+. ) The Age-specific Mortality rates are declining over the years; the rural-urban and Male – Female differentials are still high (Table A-18 to A-18. 3) xii 4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): According to SRS 2009, the IMR at national level was 50 per 1000 live births in 2009 as compared to 53 in 2008. The IMR is higher in respect of F emale (52) as compared to Male (49). The highest infant mortality rate has been reported from Madhya Pradesh (67) and lowest from Kerala (12). Assam (61), Bihar (52), Chhattisgarh (54), Haryana (51), Madhya Pradesh (67), Orissa (65), Rajasthan (59) and Uttar Pradesh (63) recorded higher IMR as compared to the national average (Table-A-20) Infant Mortality Rates – Rural/Urban (All India) xiii The IMR is very high in rural areas (55 per 1000 live births) as compared to urban areas (34). Rural areas of Madhya Pradesh registered the highest IMR (72) followed by Orissa (68), Uttar Pradesh (66).Rural areas of Kerala State recorded the Lowest IMR (12) in the country. Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh recorded highest IMR in urban areas. Kerala had the lowest IMR (11) in urban areas. Amongst the smaller states, Rural and Urban areas of Goa recorded lowest IMR during 2009 (Table-A-22). The increase in medical attention to the pregnant women at the time of live births may have resulted in decline in IMR over the period. But in the rural areas, the medical attention is still on the lower side (Table-A36) Distribution of Live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother-2009 (%) Neo-natal Mortality Rate: Neo-natal mortality refers to number of infants dying within one month.Neo-natal health care is concerned with the condition of the newborn from birth to 4 weeks (28 days) of age. Neo-natal survival is a very sensitive indicator of population growth and socio-economic development. The survival rate of female infants correlates to subsequent population replacement. The neo-natal mortality rate which was stagnant at 37 per 1000 live births during 2003 to 2006 marginally came down to 36 in 2007, 35 in 2008 and stood at 34 during 2009. The neo-natal mortality rate is very high in rural areas (38 per 1000 live births) as compared to 21 in urban areas in 2009. The neonatal mortality rate also xiv varies considerably among Indian States.Madhya Pradesh (47), Utt ar Pradesh (45), Orissa (43), Rajasthan (41), J (37), Himachal Pradesh (36), Haryana(35), Gujarat(34), Chhattisgarh(38) recorded higher neo-natal mortality rate as compared to national average. The Neo-natal mortality rate is lowest in the Kerala State (7). The significant feature is that, the Neo-natal Mortality Rate came down or remained stagnant in 2009 as compared to 2008 except in the case of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Karnataka (Table A23) Post-Neo-Natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of infant deaths at 28 days to one year of age per 1000 live births. The Post Neo natal Mortality Rate came down to 16 in 2009 from 24 in 2002.The Post Neo Natal Mortality Rate is high in rural areas (17) as compared to urban areas (13) (Table A-21) Peri–natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of still birth and deaths within 1st week of delivery per 1000 live births. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate varies in the range of 37 to 35 since 2001 and stood at 35 in 2009. It is high in rural areas (39) as compared to urban areas (23) during 2009. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate significantly varied across the States. Kerala with 13 is the best performing State, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (45) are least performing States during 2009. Still Birth Rate (SBR): The SBR came down to 8 in 2008 from 9 in 2007. However, it remained stagnant at 8 in 2009 also.The number of Still Births varied across the States between 1 (Bihar) and 17 (Karnataka) in 2009 (TableA-23). 4. 3 Child Mortality Rate (0-4): Child Mortality Rate is measured in terms of death of number of children (0-4 years) taking place per 1000 children (0-4 year’s age). As per SRS estimates, the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) has come down from 57. 3 in 1972 to 26. 5 in 1991 and 14. 1 in 2009. The CMR is very high in rural areas (15. 7) as compared to urban areas (8. 7) in 2009 and this observation is relevant for almost all States uniformly. The highest Child Mortality Rate was recorded in Madhya Prade sh (21. 4) closely followed by Uttar Pradesh (20. 1) and Assam (19. 0). Kerala with 2. 6 CMR is the best Performing State (Table A22. 1) 5. 0FERTILITY INDICATORS The three common measures of fertility are; (a) Crude Birth Rate (CBR), (b) Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR), and (c) Total Fertility Rate (TFR). CBR has already been discussed in para 3 . 2 above. 5. 1 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) & Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR): ASFR is defined as the number of children born to women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group and ASMFR as the number of children born to married women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group. Table A-24 presents ASFR and ASMFR data separately for rural and urban areas, for the years 2004 to 2009. It is xv bserved that ASMFRs are higher than ASFRs in respect of all age groups as ASMFR covers only married women. Throughout the period 2004-2009, the age group 20-24 continued to have peak fertility rate s in rural and urban areas, but both these indicators are lower in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The ASMFR increased to 326 in 2009 from 303 in 2008 and the ASFR increased to 227. 8 in 2009 from 218. 6 in 2008 for the age group 20-24. Data on Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) reveals that the fertility rate in 15 to 19 years age group has moderately declined in 2009 (38. 5) as compared to 2008 (41. 6). Lower fertility rates are observed in U. P. Bihar only after attaining the age 40 years while in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, this stage is reached in the earlier age groups namely 30-34 and 35-39 (Table A-26). ASFR is showing a decreasing trend as the literacy level increases in the age group of 20-24 (the peak fertility age group)-Tables A-27. 5. 2 Age at Effective Marriage (AEM): The Mean age at effective marriage is the age at consummation of marriage, is almost stagnant and hovering around 20 years between 200 5 and 2009. The State level data show variations in the AEM. It is the highest in J (23. 6) followed by Kerala (22. 7), Delhi & Tamil Nadu (22. 4), Himachal Pradesh (22. 2), and Punjab (22. 1) in 2009. Rajasthan (19. ) has the lowest AEM. The AEM in urban areas is higher than the rural one but the difference is just two years. The rural- urban difference is highest (3. 1 years) in Assam and least in Kerala (0. 1 years). The AEM in respect of more than 50% female in rural areas is 18-20 years whereas in urban areas, the AEM in respect of more than 60% female is 21+ (Tables A-28 to A-30) xvi 5. 3 Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The TFR for the country remained constant at 2. 6 during 2008 and 2009 with Bihar reporting the highest TFR at 3. 9 while Kerala and Tamil Nadu continued its outstanding performance with the lowest TFR of 1. 7. Among the major States, the TFR level of 2. has been attained by Andhra Pradesh (1. 9), Karnataka (2. 0), Kerala (1. 7), Maharashtra (1. 9), Punjab (1. 9), Tamil Nadu (1. 7) and West Bengal (1. 9). The rural woman is having higher TFR (2. 9) as compared to urban (2. 0) women (TableA-25). 6. 0 FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME: In 1952, the Indian Government was one of the first in the world to launch a national family planning programme, which was later expanded to encompass maternal and child health, family welfare and nutrition. The figures given in the publication are based on the data reported by the State/UTs at district level and then consolidated at State and National level on HMIS portal.Percentage of districts reported in 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 98%. 6. 1 Maternal Health: Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Antenatal care (ANC) is the systemic medical supervision of women during pregnancy. Its aim is to preserve the physiological aspect of pregnancy and labour and to prevent or detect, as early as possible, all pathological disorders. Early diagnosis during pregnancy ca n prevent maternal ill-health, injury, maternal mortality, foetal death, infant mortality and morbidity. During 2010-11, 28. 30 million women got registered for ANC checkup and more than 20 million underwent 3 check-ups during the pregnancy period. vii The institutional deliveries to total deliveries (Institutional +home) increased from 56. 7% in 2006-07 to 78. 5% in 2010-11. Kerala and Tamil Nadu (99. 8%) are the best performing States in the country during 2010-11 (Table B-18). 6. 2 Medical Termination of Pregnancy: To avoid the misuse of induced abortions, most countries have enacted laws whereby only qualified Gynecologists under conditions laid down and done in clinics/hospitals that have been approved, can do abortions. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1971 and came into force from 01 April, 1972. The MTP Act was again revised in 1975.The MTP Act lays down the condition under which a pregnancy can be terminated, especially the pe rsons and the place to perform it. During 2010-11, 620472 MTPs were performed by 12510 approved institutions in the country. Uttar Pradesh with 576 approved institutions performed maximum number (81420) MTPs in the country followed by Maharashtra (78047) during 2010-11. xviii About 60% MTPs in the country were performed in 6 States viz. Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in 2010-11(Table B4). 6. 3 Child Health Immunization programmes aim to reduce mortality and morbidity due to Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs), particularly for children.India's immunization programme is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of vaccines used, numbers of beneficiaries, number of immunization sessions organized and the geographical area covered. Under the immunization program, vaccines are used to protect children and pregnant mothers against six diseases. They are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Tuberculosis Diphtheria Pertussis Polio Measles Tetanus In India, under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) vaccines for six vaccinepreventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles) are provided free of cost to all. Tetanus Immunization for expectant Mother: During 2010-11, 78. 14% of the estimated need for vaccinating 29. 68 million expectant mothers was achieved. As compared to 200910 the achievement is on lower side (83. 82%).The achievement varied widely across the States, the highest percentage of achievement is observed in Lakshadweep (112. 1%) followed by the Mizoram (106. 8%). Among major States, Tamil Nadu immunized 98. 5% of the targeted numbers and Bihar recorded the lowest immunization (58%). The achievement xix of Bihar is the lowest among the major States consecutively for the third year (TableB1&B2). DPT Immunization for Children: The DPT is an immunization or vaccine to protect against the diseases of Diphtheria (D), Pertussis (P), and Tetanus (T). The III dose of DPT vaccination was to be administered to 25. 54 Million children (Target) and achieved 89. 20% during 201011 as against the achievement of 99. 0% in 2009-10. Andhra Pradesh (100. 3%), Tamil Nadu (102. %), Himachal Pradesh (105. 7%), J&K (105. 3%), Manipur (118. 8%), Meghalaya (108. 5%) and Mizoram (134. 2%) achieved more than 100% targeted numbers (Table- B1&B2). Polio: More than 89 percent children received the third dose of Polio vaccine in 2010-11 but the percentage dropped from 98. 6% in 2009-10. The percentage of children who received third dose of polio ranges from 31. 4% in A&N Islands to 133. 8% in Mizoram. Eight States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% targeted numbers during 2010-11. Achievement of Bihar State is the lowest (69. 1%) among the major States (Table- B1&B2).BCG: BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis, mainly severe forms of chil dhood tuberculosis. 23. 88 million Children of below one year were targeted for administering BCG vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 19 million in 2009-10. The achievement in 2010-11 was 93. 5% as against 101. 7 % in 2009-10. 14 States / UTs achieved more than 100% immunization during 2010-11 as against 20 States/UTs in 2009-10. Pondicherry achieved the highest percentage immunization (179. 8%) in 2010-11. Measles: 22. 10 million Children of below one year age received measles vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 54 million children accounting for an achievement of 86. 6% as against 95. 0% in 2009-10.Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% vaccination in 2010-11 (Table- B1&B2). Tetanus: Vaccination against Tetanus was administered to 9. 7 million (Target: 25. 1 Million) children of 5 years age (DT), 14. 30 million children of 10 years age (Target: 25. 66 million) and 13. 0 million children of 16 years age (Target: 26. 01 Million) during 2010 -11. The achievement as against the set target works out to 38. 6%, 54. 8% and 50. 0% respectively in respect of the above age group of children. Bihar State is lagging behind in achievement as compared to all other major States. The achievement is only 5. 6% (of the target) in the case of children 5 years of age, 14. 8% for children of 10 Years and 20. % for children of 16 years during 2010-11. Except Sikkim (for the age group children 10 years), no other State vaccinated the children to the extent of 100% of the target during 2010-11(Table- B1&B2). 6. 4 Family Planning: Birth control pills, condoms, sterilization, IUD (Intrauterine device) etc. are most commonly practiced Family Planning methods in the country. The efforts of the Government in implementing the Family Planning Programme in the country have significant impact. However, Social factors like reluctance, traditions and socio-cultural beliefs towards large family emerge as the major constraints towards adopting Family Pl anning methods. Female xx iteracy, age at marriage of girls, status of women, strong son preference, and lack of male involvement in family planning, are also significant factors associated with adoption of small family norm. IMPACT OF FAMILY WELFARE ACTIVITIES †¢ †¢ Knowledge of contraception is nearly universal: 98 percent of women and 99 percent of men age 15-49 know one or more methods of contraception. Among the permanent modern Family Planning methods, female sterilization was the most popular Over 97 percent of women and 95 percent men know about female sterilization. Male sterilization, by contrast, is known only by 79 percent of women and 87 percent of men. Ninety-three percent of men know about condoms, compared with 74 percent of women. More than 80 percent women and men know about contraceptive pills.Knowledge of contraception is widespread even among adolescents: 94 percent of young women and 96 percent of young men have heard of a modern method of contracepti on Source: NFHS-3 †¢ †¢ †¢ 6. 5 Family Planning Performance The year 2010-11 ended with 34. 9 million total family planning acceptors at national level comprising of 5. 0 million Sterilizations, 5. 6 million IUD insertions, 16. 0 million condom users and 8. 3 million O. P. users as against 35. 6 million total family planning acceptors in 2009-10 (Table B. 5) xxi Total FP Acceptors 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 6. 6 A total of 50. 09 Lakh sterilizations were performed in the country during 2010-11 as against 49. 98 Lakh in 2009-10. States/UTs viz.Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab. Arunachal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Puducherry have shown improved performance in 2010-11 as compared to 2009-10. (Nos. 000†²) Sterilisations 6,000 5,000 (Nos. 000†²) 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 The proportion of tubectomy operations to total sterilizations was 95. 6 percent in 2010-11 as ag ainst 94. 6 percent in 2009-10 (Table B-6). xxii Though the share of vasectomy operations to total sterilizations is increasing, it is quite insignificant. 6. 7 IUD Insertions: During the year 2010-11, 5. 6 million IUD insertions were reported as against 5. 7 million in 2009-10.Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pr, Delhi, Goa, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, D&N Haveli reported better performance in 2010-11 than in 2009-10 (Table B-9). 6. 8 Condom Users and O. P. Users: Based on the distribution figures reported, there were 16. 0 million equivalent users of Condoms and 83. 07 million equivalent users of Oral Pills during 2010-11 (Table B-10, B-11). 6. 9 Number of Births Averted: Implementation of various Family Planning measures averted 16. 335 million births in the country during 2010-11 as compared to 16. 605 million in 2009-10. The cumulative total of births avoided in the country up to 2010-11 was 442. 75 million (Table B-22). 7. 0 PROGRAMMES and SCHEMES 7. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): NRHM launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 12th April 2005 throughout the country with special focus on 18 States, including eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, the North-Eastern States, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, seeks to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care xxiii services to rural population, especially the vulnerable sections. The NRHM operates as an omnibus broadband programme by integrating all vertical health programmes of the Departments of Health and Family Welfare including Reproductive & Child Health Programme and various diseases control Programmes.The NRHM has emerged as a major financing and health sector reform strategy to strengthen States Health systems. The NRHM has been successful in putting in place large number of voluntary community health workers in the programme, which has contributed in a major way to improved utilisation of health facilities and increased health awarenes s. NRHM has also contributed by increasing the human resources in the public health sector, by up-gradation of health facilities and their flexible financing, and by professionalization of health management. The current policy shift is towards addressing inequities, through a special focus on inaccessible and difficult areas and poor performing districts.This requires also improving the Health Management Information System, an expansion of NGO participation, a greater engagement with the private sector to harness their resources for public health goals, and a greater emphasis on the role of the public sector in the social protection for the poor. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 7. 2 NRHM GOALS Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Universal access to public health services such as Women’s health, child health, water, sanitation & hygiene, immunization, and Nutrition. Prevention and control of communicable and nonco mmunicable diseases, including locally endemic diseases Access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare Population stabilization, gender and demographic balance. Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH. Promotion of healthy life styles.Primary Health Care services Health Services are provided to the community through a network of Sub-centres, Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) in the rural areas and Hospitals and Dispensaries etc. in the urban areas. The Primary Health Care infrastructure in rural areas has been developed as a three-tier system. The norms for establishing Sub centres, PHCs and CHCs are as under: xxiv Centre Plain Area Sub Centre PHC CHC 5000 30000 120000 Population Norms Hilly/Tribal Area 3000 20000 80000 7. 3 Sub-Centres (SCs): The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the community.Each Sub-Centre is manned by one Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) and on e Male Health Worker MPW (M). One Lady Health Worker (LHV) is entrusted with the task of supervision of six Sub-Centres. SubCentres are assigned tasks relating to interpersonal communication in order to bring about behavioural change and provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition, immunization, diarrhoea control and control of communicable diseases programmes. The Sub-Centres are provided with basic drugs for minor ailments needed for taking care of essential health needs of men, women and children. There were 147069 Sub Centres functioning in the country as on March 2010. An Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), a female aramedical worker posted at the Sub-Centre and supported by a Male Multipurpose Worker MPW (M) is the front line worker in providing the Family Welfare services to the community. ANM is supervised by the Lady Health Visitor (LHV) posted at PHC. 7. 4 Primary Health Centres (PHCs): PHC is the first contact point between village comm unity and the Medical Officer. The PHCs were envisaged to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care. The PHCs are established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)/Basic Minimum Services Programme (BMS).There were 23673 PHCs functioning as on March 2010 in the country. A PHC is manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres. It has 4-6 beds for patients. The activities of PHC involve curative, preventive, primitive and Family Welfare Services. 7. 5 Community Health Centres (CHCs): CHCs are being established and maintained by the State Government under MNP/BMS programme . It is manned by four medical specialists i. e. Surgeon, Physician, Gynaecologist and Paediatrician supported by 21 paramedical and other staff. It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room an d Laboratory facilities.It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for obstetric care and specialist consultations. As on March, 2010, there were 4535 CHCs functioning in the country. 7. 6 Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Programme: Reproductive and Child Health Programme is a major component of NRHM and aims at reduction of Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio and Total Fertility Rate xxv 7. 7 Janani Suraksha Yojana: The Jannani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and it integrates cash assistance with delivery and post delivery care. The scheme was launched with focus on demand promotion for institutional deliveries in States and regions where these are low.It targeted lowering of MMR by ensuring that deliveries were conducted by Skilled Birth Attendants at every birth. The Yojana has identified the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), as an effective link between the Government and the poor pregnant women in 18 low performing States, namely the 8 EAG States and Assam and J&K and the remaining NE States. In other States and UTs, wherever, AWW and TBAs or ASHA like activist has been engaged for this purpose, they can be associated with this Yojana for providing the services. The JSY scheme has shown phenomenal growth in the last three years. Starting with a modest number of 7. 39 Lakhs beneficiaries in 2006-07, the total number reached 113. 89 lakh during 2010-11. 7. Family Welfare Linked Health Insurance Scheme: Family Planning Linked Insurance Scheme was introduced w. e. f. 29th November, 2005 to take care of the cases of failure of Sterilisation, medical complications for death resulting from Sterilisation, and also provide indemnity cover to the doctor / health facility performing Sterilisation procedure. The scheme is in operation for the last 5 years and is renewed with ICICI Lombard Insurance Company for the sixth year w. e. f. 01-01-2011 based on 50 lakh sterilization acceptors. The tot al liability of the company is limited to Rs. 25 crore under Section-I and Rs. 1 crore under Section-II. Benefits of the Scheme w. e. f. 1. 1. 011( 6th Year) Section Coverage Financial compensation I following IA Death sterilization (inclusive of Rs. 2 Lakhs death during process of sterilization operation) within 7 days from the date of discharge from the hospital. IB Death following Rs. 50,000 sterilization within 8 – 30 days from the date of discharge from the hospital IC Failure of Sterilization Rs. 30,000 ID Cost of treatment upto Actual not exceeding 60 days arising out of Rs. 25,000 complication following the sterilization operation (inclusive of xxvi II complication during process of sterilization operation) from the date of discharge. Indemnity Insurance per Upto Rs. 2 Lakh per Doctor/facility but not claim more than 4 cases in a year. 7. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation: As a measure to encourage people to adopt permanent method of Family Planning, this Mi nistry has been implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme since 1981 to compensate the acceptors of sterilization for the loss of wages for the day on which he/she attended the medical facility for undergoing sterilization. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation Public facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy Focus 1500 1000 1500 (Rs. ) Accredited Private/NGO facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy 1500 1500 1500 (BPL/SC/ST) High States Non-high Focus States 1000 (BPL/SC/ST) 1500 650 (APL) 8. 0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMThe Information System to measure the process and impact of the NRHM including Family Welfare Programme is as below: a) Service Statistics through HMIS and Routine Monitoring b) Sample Registration System & Population Census, Office of Registrar General India c) Large scale surveys- National Family Health Surveys, District Level Household and Facility Surveys. Annual Health Survey d) Area specific surveys by Population Research Centres e) Other specific surveys by National & International agencies f) Field Evaluation through Regional Evaluation Teams xxvii 8. 1 Service Statistics/Routine Monitoring The Statistics Division in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is responsible for Monitoring & Evaluation activities. 8. 2 Health Management Information System (HMIS) Health services are provided through the network of health centers spread throughout rural and urban areas of the country. Each centre maintains record of its activities in one or more of the primary registers.The performance data collected and compiled primarily at peripheral levels (Rural/Urban) such as Sub-centre, Primary Health Centres, Urban Family Welfare Centres / Post Partum Centres / Hospitals / Dispensaries are presented in Tables C-1 to C-10. For capturing information on the service statistics from the peripheral institutions, an exercise was undertaken to rationalize the facility level data capturing format by removing redundant information, reducing the number of forms and focu sed on facility based reporting. The revised forms were finalized in September 2008 and disseminated to the States. A web based Health MIS (HMIS) portal was also launched in October, 2008 http://nrhm-mis. nic. n to facilitate data capturing at District level. The HMIS portal has led to faster flow of information from the district level and about 98% of the districts are reporting monthly data since 2009-10. The HMIS portal is now being rolled out to capture information at the facility level. Some of indicators for which data has been captured through HMIS portal (district level) are included for the first time in the publication (Detailed tables are given in Section–C (Tables C1 to C-10). Data for these indicators are provisional and may only be compared with DLHS-III indicators keeping in view the methodological differences. 8. 3 Tracking of Mothers and ChildrenIt has been decided to have a name-based tracking whereby pregnant women and children can be tracked for their ANCs and immunisation along with a feedback system for the ANM, ASHA etc to ensure that all pregnant women receive their Ante-Natal Care (ANCs) and postnatal care (PNCs) Checkups; and the children receive their full immunisation. All new pregnancies detected/being registered from 1st April, 2010 at the first point of contact of the pregnant mother are being captured as also all births occurring from 1st December, 2009. A number of States have established the system and other are putting in place systems to capture such information on a regular basis. Mother and Child Tracking System require intense capacity building at various levels primarily at the Block and Sub-Centre levels. The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has developed software application. The rollout is being monitored centrally. xxviii 8. 4 Large Scale/Demographic SurveysA number of large scale surveys are being conducted by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare as enumerated below: National Family Health Survey (NFHS): The 2005-06, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was the third in a series of national surveys preceded by earlier NFHS surveys carried out in 1992-93 (NFHS-1) and 1998-99 (NFHS-2) with the objective to provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and to provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues. Annual Health Survey (AHS): The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam. AHS will provide District-wise data on Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level. Other RCH indicators like Ante-natal care, Institutional delive ry, immunisation, use of contraceptives will also be available.The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under Five Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB), Sex Ratio (0-4 years) and Total Sex Ratio have been released by the Registrar General of India (RGI).The District-wise data in respect of the above indicators for the nine States viz. Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Assam are given in Table D. 6. 0 (Section D). Comparison of State -wise AHS results and SRS: 2009, in respect of five indicators namely Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) reveals that they are broadly comparable (Table D. 6. 1). All 284 districts covered in the AHS (first round) have been ranked by arranging them in ascending order based on the rank of the individual indicators viz.Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under 5 Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and presented in Table D. 6. 2. Tables D. 6. 3 and D. 6. 4 give details of bottom 100 districts as per the rankings and also covered under High Focus Districts identified under National Rural Health Mission, xxix The second Round of AHS (2011-12) would also cover additional parameters viz. height & weight measurement, blood test for anemia and sugar, blood pressure measurement and testing of iodine in the salt used by households thro ugh a separate questionnaire on Clinical, Anthropometric and Biochemical (CAB) test and measurements in addition to the indictors covered in AHS first round.District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS): The District Level Household and Facility S